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安防視頻工程常見的問題及解決方案

閱覽次數:2937 次  
 安防的視頻經常會出現很多的問(wen)題,像網紋干擾(rao)這類問(wen)題,下面是(shi)歸納總結的部分常見問(wen)題及解決(jue)方案(an)。
那(nei)么這(zhe)干擾是怎么形成(cheng)的(de)?是電源干擾?是電梯輻(fu)射?
其(qi)實(shi)是(shi)系統兩端(duan)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差(cha)所至(zhi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),由(you)于(yu)(yu)三相各負載(zai)輕重不同(tong),形成中(zhong)(zhong)線地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯運(yun)行時相對于(yu)(yu)弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)槽的(de)地(di)(di);相對于(yu)(yu)安監(jian)控制(zhi)(zhi)室的(de)地(di)(di);相對于(yu)(yu)其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯機(ji)房的(de)地(di)(di)都有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差(cha)。這(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差(cha)在(zai)變頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯系統中(zhong)(zhong)呈(cheng)現高頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。而我們的(de)視頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜部分(fen)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯線纜一(yi)起(qi)走(zou),部分(fen)與弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)槽一(yi)起(qi)走(zou),部分(fen)與其(qi)它線纜一(yi)起(qi)走(zou),最終匯于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)(zhi)室。線間(jian)容抗在(zai)高頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)(mo)沖下變小,這(zhe)就(jiu)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯中(zhong)(zhong)線地(di)(di)有(you)一(yi)個放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路,至(zhi)使圖像(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)產生網紋干擾(rao)。

  阻斷干擾回(hui)路: 
  由于網紋干(gan)擾是系統兩端(duan)的(de)高(gao)頻電(dian)位差所(suo)至。只要隔斷(duan)或減弱放(fang)電(dian)回路,就(jiu)可以有效地抑制干(gan)擾。 
  我們曾經做過一(yi)個試驗:視(shi)(shi)頻線從(cong)電(dian)梯(ti)內(nei)放到電(dian)梯(ti)機(ji)房。用監(jian)視(shi)(shi)器現場觀看(kan)圖像,無任何(he)干擾。將視(shi)(shi)頻線從(cong)電(dian)梯(ti)機(ji)房放到控(kong)制室。電(dian)梯(ti)機(ji)房裝一(yi)個,在控制室看(kan)(kan)圖像(xiang)也無干擾。但是只要這二根(gen)視頻線的(de)網線相(xiang)碰,在那里看(kan)(kan)都有干擾。 
  所以隔(ge)斷是很(hen)有效的手段。其方(fang)法(fa)首推當然是光纜傳輸。其次在放視頻線時兩(liang)個地系統中間放置(zhi)一對無線視頻(由(you)于這類設備比(bi)較易(yi)受其它干擾,建(jian)議放(fang)在一(yi)起),來(lai)阻斷干擾網(wang)絡。當然這條件是(shi)兩(liang)個地系(xi)統能(neng)分得開的(de)(de)。再者在這中間放(fang)置(zhi)一(yi)個高頻扼流設備(即磁性(xing)塊上繞視頻線的(de)(de)那種(zhong))來(lai)阻斷外界的(de)(de)高頻回路(lu)。 

  用調節(jie)器制(zhi)解調器避(bi)開干擾: 
  圖(tu)像的網紋干(gan)擾(rao)畢竟是(shi)1兆(zhao)左右(you)的頻(pin)率。只要(yao)通過高頻(pin)調制(zhi)器,后解調濾波(bo),可以濾除外來的干(gan)擾(rao)。當(dang)然(ran)這調制(zhi)解調器有好壞的問題。譬如濾波(bo)的帶寬是(shi)很(hen)講究的。另外調制(zhi)的頻(pin)率也不(bu)能落到干(gan)擾(rao)頻(pin)率的倍頻(pin)上。 

   信號先放大,后壓縮抑制(zhi)干擾: 
  在(zai)(zai)攝像機(ji)旁加一(yi)個(ge)放(fang)(fang)大器,將視(shi)頻(pin)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)盡量放(fang)(fang)大,在(zai)(zai)機(ji)房監視(shi)端將信(xin)(xin)號(hao)壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)還原。由(you)于干(gan)擾沒有(you)放(fang)(fang)大,而同樣隨信(xin)(xin)號(hao)一(yi)起壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo),干(gan)擾信(xin)(xin)號(hao)就縮(suo)(suo)小(xiao)了。所以放(fang)(fang)大視(shi)頻(pin)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)最好倍數要(yao)大,一(yi)般可達5至10VPP,但這抗(kang)干(gan)擾系統設備一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)符合75匹配(pei),不然傳輸(shu)中可能出(chu)現其它種干(gan)擾。 

  平衡(heng)傳輸抗(kang)干(gan)擾: 
  將攝像機輸出的不平衡信號轉換成平衡信號用于5類雙絞(jiao)線傳輸,后端再轉換成不平衡輸出。但這轉換器也有局限性,用無源設備高頻損失較大,用有源補償,干擾電壓大于共模電壓時,可能出現黑白干擾點。
    綜(zong)(zong)上(shang)述(shu)各(ge)方法各(ge)有利弊(bi),大(da)都(dou)設備也不是萬使萬靈的。要(yao)綜(zong)(zong)合現場(chang),針對主(zhu)要(yao)干擾(rao)根源靈活(huo)組(zu)合運用。 

  用雙絞線傳輸圖(tu)像的問題(ti) 
  圖像原是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)視(shi)(shi)頻電纜(lan)不(bu)(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)傳輸(shu)的,因為其傳輸(shu)要求寬帶。不(bu)(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)傳輸(shu)高頻損耗小,但(dan)抗(kang)干(gan)擾不(bu)(bu)及(ji)雙(shuang)絞(jiao)線(xian)纜(lan)。隨(sui)著5A雙(shuang)絞(jiao)線(xian)的興起,也有不(bu)(bu)少將視(shi)(shi)頻信(xin)號轉換成平(ping)衡(heng)后,用(yong)雙(shuang)絞(jiao)傳輸(shu)。據稱(cheng)5A線(xian)可以帶寬做到上百兆,這是(shi)(shi)(shi)誤導。因為5A線(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)傳脈(mo)沖數(shu)據信(xin)號的帶寬,其系統(tong)幅度要求低,而視(shi)(shi)頻信(xin)號是(shi)(shi)(shi)模(mo)擬信(xin)號,幅頻要求很高。所(suo)以雙(shuang)絞(jiao)線(xian)在視(shi)(shi)頻信(xin)號上的帶寬還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)及(ji)視(shi)(shi)頻線(xian),但(dan)前者抗(kang)干(gan)擾能力要比后者強,還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可用(yong)之。 
  但(dan)使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)要注意(yi)幾(ji)個指標:一般平衡與(yu)不平衡轉換器(qi)有兩(liang)種(zhong):有電(dian)(dian)(dian)源和(he)無(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源設備(bei)。無(wu)源的由于不能高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)補償,長距離(li)傳輸(shu)(shu)圖像時(shi),高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)損失比較厲害。有源的可以(yi)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)補償,但(dan)由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特定,抗共模干抗有限(xian)。所以(yi)此種(zhong)設備(bei)并非是完善(shan)的視頻(pin)傳輸(shu)(shu)方案,可以(yi)有選(xuan)擇而用(yong)之。 
  圖像為抗干(gan)擾用調制解調節(jie)器方法可能產生的(de)問(wen)題(ti) 
  首先此方(fang)法傳輸的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)應該是(shi)射頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan),否則(ze)長距(ju)離可能有重影。其次,調制頻(pin)(pin)率需避開干(gan)(gan)(gan)擾(rao)源(yuan)的(de)倍頻(pin)(pin)頻(pin)(pin)率。還有最大問題是(shi),現在(zai)市場上有便(bian)宜的(de)解(jie)調節器。為(wei)了易捕獲信號,濾波帶(dai)寬(kuan)做得很(hen)(hen)寬(kuan),干(gan)(gan)(gan)擾(rao)的(de)倍頻(pin)(pin)也進去了,抗干(gan)(gan)(gan)擾(rao)效果很(hen)(hen)差。另(ling)外,輸入(ru)輸出阻抗又被忽(hu)略,使得圖像(xiang)質量(liang)很(hen)(hen)差。所以用調制解(jie)調傳圖像(xiang)是(shi)抗干(gan)(gan)(gan)擾(rao)及(ji)單線傳多(duo)路(lu)圖像(xiang)的(de)一種選擇。但一定得選取可靠設備和合理選用線纜(lan)。 
  圖像為抗干擾用放大設(she)備現有的問題與(yu)解決 
  由于圖(tu)像在(zai)傳(chuan)輸前端(duan)(duan)(duan)信號放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)了(le),后端(duan)(duan)(duan)還原(yuan)后,圖(tu)像信號不(bu)變。但(dan)傳(chuan)輸中(zhong)的干擾(rao)(rao)信號確是壓縮了(le)。從而(er)起到了(le)抗(kang)干擾(rao)(rao)作用。若將高(gao)頻(pin)進一步提升,也(ye)可(ke)以做到高(gao)頻(pin)補償效果(guo)。但(dan)現在(zai)很多此類設(she)備放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)不(bu)夠,干擾(rao)(rao)也(ye)就壓縮不(bu)大(da)(da)(da)。有的設(she)備后端(duan)(duan)(duan)無源(yuan),75匹配不(bu)考慮(lv),這就背離了(le)視頻(pin)傳(chuan)輸原(yuan)則了(le)。所以建議用前端(duan)(duan)(duan)放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)10V以上(shang),后端(duan)(duan)(duan)是有源(yuan)壓縮,附合75匹配傳(chuan)輸的設(she)備。 

                                         金鱗羽--王艷紅

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