光纖通(tong)(tong)信在(zai)電力(li)(li)通(tong)(tong)信中的(de)應(ying)用最(zui)初是沿用電信部(bu)門傳統的(de)地(di)埋、管道、架空等方法敷設(she)普通(tong)(tong)光纜，構成電力(li)(li)光纖通(tong)(tong)信系(xi)統。眾(zhong)所周知(zhi)，電力(li)(li)系(xi)統是由電能的(de)生產、輸送、分(fen)配和消費組成的(de)一個整體。

為了實現(xian)跨(kua)區域、長距離電(dian)(dian)能的(de)輸送，電(dian)(dian)力系統建設了遍及各地的(de)高壓輸電(dian)(dian)線路;為滿足城鄉廣大民眾生(sheng)產生(sheng)活(huo)用電(dian)(dian)需求，又有縱橫交錯、密布街道村莊的(de)輸配電(dian)(dian)桿(gan)路和(he)溝道。

可以說(shuo)，高、中、低(di)壓輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)線路是目前覆蓋(gai)面(mian)最為廣大的網(wang)絡(luo)基礎設施(shi)，而(er)且它基礎堅固，較之其它網(wang)絡(luo)如電(dian)(dian)信、廣電(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡(luo)等(deng)有著更(geng)高的可靠性(xing)。因此，如何充(chong)分利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)力系統這一得天獨(du)厚的網(wang)絡(luo)資源，是長期(qi)以來(lai)人(ren)們潛心研究的一個重要(yao)課題。

1電力通信網的結構與特點

電力通信網是由光纖、微波及衛星電路構成主干線，各支路充分利用電力線載波、特種光纜等電力系統特有的通信方式，并采用明線、電纜、無線等多種通信手段及程控交換機、調度總機等設備組成的多用戶、多功能的綜合通信網。

1.1電力(li)通信的(de)幾種主要方式

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)載(zai)波通信。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路主要是用(yong)(yong)來(lai)輸送工頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)。若將話音及其(qi)他信息通過載(zai)波機變換成高頻弱(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路進行(xing)傳送，這就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)載(zai)波通信，具有通道可靠性高、投(tou)資少、見效快、與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網建設同步等得天獨厚(hou)的(de)優點。

除(chu)此之外。電(dian)力線(xian)載波通(tong)信(xin)中還有(you)利用電(dian)力線(xian)路(lu)架空地(di)線(xian)傳送載波信(xin)號的(de)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)地(di)線(xian)載波等方法(fa)。與(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)力線(xian)載波比較(jiao)，絕緣(yuan)(yuan)地(di)線(xian)載波不受線(xian)路(lu)停電(dian)檢修或輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)發生接地(di)故(gu)障的(de)影響，而且(qie)地(di)線(xian)處(chu)于絕緣(yuan)(yuan)狀態可減(jian)少大量的(de)電(dian)能損耗。

光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)通(tong)信。由于光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)通(tong)信具(ju)有(you)抗電(dian)磁干擾(rao)能(neng)力(li)強、傳輸容量大、頻帶寬(kuan)、傳輸衰(shuai)耗小等諸(zhu)多優點，它一(yi)(yi)問世便首先在(zai)電(dian)力(li)部門得(de)到應用(yong)(yong)并迅速發展。除普通(tong)光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)外(wai)，一(yi)(yi)些專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)特種光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)也(ye)在(zai)電(dian)力(li)通(tong)信中大量使用(yong)(yong)。

其(qi)他。電力(li)通信網(wang)中還有傳統的(de)明線電話(hua)、音頻(pin)(pin)電纜(lan)及新興的(de)擴頻(pin)(pin)通信等方式(shi)。

1.2電(dian)力系統通(tong)信的(de)特(te)點(dian)主要表現為：要求(qiu)有較高的(de)可靠性和(he)靈活性;傳輸信息(xi)量少、種類復雜、實時性強;具(ju)有很大的(de)耐“沖擊”性;網絡結(jie)構(gou)復雜;通(tong)信范圍點(dian)多面廣;無人值守的(de)機(ji)房居多。

2光纖通信技術的推廣應用

由于光纖通信具有抗電磁干(gan)擾能(neng)力強、傳(chuan)輸容量(liang)大(da)、頻帶寬、傳(chuan)輸衰耗小(xiao)等諸多(duo)優點，它一(yi)問世便首先在電力部(bu)門得(de)到(dao)應用(yong)并迅速發展。除(chu)普通光纖外，一(yi)些專用(yong)特種(zhong)光纖也在電力通信中大(da)量(liang)使用(yong)。

電力特種(zhong)光(guang)(guang)纖泛指OPGW(光(guang)(guang)纖復(fu)合地(di)線)、OPPC(光(guang)(guang)纖復(fu)合相(xiang)(xiang)線)、MASS(金屬(shu)自承(cheng)光(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan))、ADSS(全(quan)介質自承(cheng)光(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan))、ADL(相(xiang)(xiang)/地(di)捆(kun)綁光(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan))和GWWOP(相(xiang)(xiang)，地(di)線纏(chan)繞光(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan))等幾種(zhong)。目前。在(zai)我國應用較多(duo)的電力特種(zhong)光(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)主要有ADSS和OPGW。

光(guang)纖復合(he)地(di)線(xian)。光(guang)纖復合(he)地(di)線(xian)——OPGW(Optieal GroundWire)OPGW又稱(cheng)地(di)線(xian)復合(he)光(guang)纜、光(guang)纖架空地(di)線(xian)等，是(shi)在電(dian)力傳輸線(xian)路的(de)地(di)線(xian)中含有供通信用的(de)光(guang)纖單元。即架空地(di)線(xian)內含光(guang)纖。它使(shi)用可靠，不(bu)需維(wei)護，但一次性(xing)投資額較(jiao)大(da)，適用于新建線(xian)路或舊(jiu)線(xian)路更換地(di)線(xian)時使(shi)用。

它具有兩種功能：一是(shi)作為輸電線路的(de)防雷線，對輸電導線抗(kang)霄閃(shan)放(fang)電提供(gong)屏蔽保護;二是(shi)通(tong)過復合在(zai)地(di)線中的(de)光纖來傳輸信息(xi)。OPGW是(shi)架空地(di)線和光纜的(de)復合體，但并不(bu)是(shi)它們之間的(de)簡單(dan)相加。

OPGW纜(lan)除滿足光學性能外(wai)，還完(wan)全滿足架空地線(xian)(xian)(xian)的機械、電氣性能要求，因此(ci)可應用(yong)于所有具有架空接地線(xian)(xian)(xian)的輸配電線(xian)(xian)(xian)路。光纖單元被置放于保護管(guan)內或金屬骨架內，得到了充分(fen)的保護，使(shi)光纖具有很(hen)高的可靠(kao)性和安全性。OPGW應用(yong)于新建(jian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路時，并不增(zeng)加建(jian)設費用(yong)。

OPGW是一種高技術產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)，國外近幾年對該產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)研(yan)究取得了很大(da)進步，這使得我們還有很多工作要(yao)做(zuo)。同時，國內對OPGW的(de)需求也(ye)日益增加，這一切都(dou)向我們預示著OPGW光明的(de)前景。

光(guang)(guang)纖復(fu)合相(xiang)線(xian)。光(guang)(guang)纖復(fu)合相(xiang)線(xian)——，在電網中，有些線(xian)路可不(bu)設架空地(di)線(xian)，但(dan)相(xiang)線(xian)是(shi)必不(bu)可少的。

為了滿足光纖聯(lian)網(wang)的要求，與(yu)OPGW技術(shu)相(xiang)(xiang)類似，在傳統的相(xiang)(xiang)線結(jie)構中以合(he)適的方法加入光纖，就(jiu)成為光纖復合(he)相(xiang)(xiang)線(OPPC)。但從(cong)設計到安裝和運行，OPPC與(yu)OPGW有原則的區別。

OPPC充(chong)分利用電力(li)系統自(zi)身的(de)線路(lu)(lu)資源(yuan)，避(bi)免(mian)在(zai)頻率資源(yuan)、路(lu)(lu)由協調、電磁(ci)兼容等方面與外界的(de)矛(mao)盾、用于電力(li)通信的(de)一種新(xin)型特種電力(li)光纜(lan)。

20世紀80年代，一些國家(jia)允許將(jiang)OPPC用于(yu)150KV以下的(de)電(dian)力(li)系統中，并已(yi)經在歐洲、美洲等(deng)國家(jia)廣泛架設運行。目前，它已(yi)經在更高電(dian)壓的(de)電(dian)力(li)線(xian)路(lu)得到應用。

在(zai)我國(guo)現行(xing)電(dian)(dian)網中，35KV以(yi)下的(de)(de)線(xian)路一般都采用(yong)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)傳(chuan)輸，系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力通信(xin)則采用(yong)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)進行(xing)。如果用(yong)OPPC替代三項中的(de)(de)一相(xiang)，形成由兩根導線(xian)和一根OPPC組合而成的(de)(de)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)，不需要另(ling)外(wai)架設(she)通信(xin)線(xian)路就可以(yi)解決這類電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)自動化、調度、通信(xin)等問(wen)題，并可大大提高傳(chuan)輸的(de)(de)質量和數量。

全(quan)介質(zhi)自承光纜。全(quan)介質(zhi)自承光纜——ADSS，ADSS光纜在(zai)220KV、110KV、35KV電(dian)壓等級輸(shu)電(dian)線路上(shang)廣泛使(shi)用，特別是在(zai)已建(jian)線路上(shang)使(shi)用較多，為電(dian)力(li)部門(men)直接(jie)利用高壓輸(shu)電(dian)線桿塔(ta)建(jian)設(she)自己的通信(xin)網絡提(ti)供了可(ke)行的途徑，適于(yu)跨越江(jiang)河、山谷、雷電(dian)集中(zhong)區域以及特殊(shu)拉(la)力(li)環境(jing)中(zhong)的架(jia)空敷設(she)。

數據(ju)通信(xin)高速發展的(de)今天，憑借ADSS光(guang)(guang)(guang)纜的(de)支(zhi)持，電力部門(men)不(bu)但可以滿足自(zi)身的(de)通信(xin)要求，而且能(neng)夠(gou)開通新的(de)通信(xin)業務供外界(jie)使用(yong)ADSS光(guang)(guang)(guang)纜具(ju)有(you)卓越的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)纖傳(chuan)輸性(xing)能(neng)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)纜機械性(xing)能(neng)和(he)環境(jing)性(xing)能(neng)，可與(yu)高壓(ya)電力傳(chuan)輸線(xian)同桿架(jia)設(圖2所示(shi)常見ADSS光(guang)(guang)(guang)纜)。

電網通信(xin)(xin)最(zui)完美的傳(chuan)輸介質用于(yu)電力系統，且在強電場環境中光纜傳(chuan)輸信(xin)(xin)號不會受到任(ren)何干擾(rao)，通信(xin)(xin)量不受任(ren)何影響(xiang)，光纜質量不受任(ren)何影響(xiang)，是電力通信(xin)(xin)最(zui)為有(you)效、方便的傳(chuan)輸方式。

ADSS光纜(lan)的特(te)點(dian)主要有以下幾點(dian)：

磁干擾、耐電(dian)(dian)腐蝕(shi)強、組成光纜的材料都必須是非金屬(shu)材料，其外(wai)擠制聚乙烯(xi)(PE)外(wai)護(hu)套(tao)或耐電(dian)(dian)痕(hen)(AT)外(wai)護(hu)套(tao);ADSS光纜的設計(ji)充分考慮了電(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路(lu)的實(shi)際情況，適用于不(bu)同(tong)等級高(gao)壓輸電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)。

3、電力通信系統在光纖應用中的故障分析

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)通(tong)(tong)信網中(zhong)(zhong)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)主(zhu)要包含以下兩個方(fang)面(mian)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)在(zai)長期(qi)使用過程中(zhong)(zhong)逐漸老化，造(zao)成(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)老化的(de)(de)(de)原因是(shi)(shi)多(duo)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)，主(zhu)要因素有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)，環(huan)境腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)性等(deng)。二是(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)由于(yu)(yu)外(wai)力(li)破壞而(er)收(shou)到(dao)損(sun)傷。如蟲(chong)蟻鼠咬，偷盜剪斷(duan)，雷擊(ji)災(zai)(zai)害，火(huo)災(zai)(zai)火(huo)燒等(deng)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)復(fu)合(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)線(xian)(xian)較(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)收(shou)到(dao)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)攻(gong)擊(ji)而(er)損(sun)壞，由于(yu)(yu)有的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路經過的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理環(huan)境或氣(qi)象條件比較(jiao)(jiao)惡劣，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)復(fu)合(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)線(xian)(xian)為了避免雷擊(ji)對(dui)相線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)傷害，又(you)是(shi)(shi)與(yu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線(xian)(xian)一(yi)共架(jia)設在(zai)架(jia)空(kong)線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)上部(bu)，因此(ci)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)復(fu)合(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)線(xian)(xian)遭(zao)受雷擊(ji)而(er)斷(duan)股(gu)是(shi)(shi)無(wu)法避免的(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)般(ban)而(er)言，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)復(fu)合(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)線(xian)(xian)架(jia)設較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)斷(duan)股(gu)故(gu)障(zhang)比較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，且斷(duan)股(gu)大多(duo)數(shu)出(chu)現在(zai)檔距中(zhong)(zhong)。從材質上來說(shuo)，外(wai)層(ceng)是(shi)(shi)單絲直徑較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)絞(jiao)線(xian)(xian)或鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金絞(jiao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)復(fu)合(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)線(xian)(xian)更易(yi)發(fa)生(sheng)斷(duan)股(gu)。多(duo)數(shu)情況下，外(wai)層(ceng)斷(duan)股(gu)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)復(fu)合(he)(he)線(xian)(xian)內(nei)層(ceng)結構型式(shi)無(wu)關(guan)，因此(ci)斷(duan)股(gu)大多(duo)數(shu)未對(dui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)通(tong)(tong)信造(zao)成(cheng)影(ying)響(xiang)。因此(ci)應在(zai)耐雷方(fang)面(mian)進一(yi)步提(ti)高光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)復(fu)合(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)性能。全(quan)介質自(zi)承(cheng)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)則較(jiao)(jiao)容(rong)易(yi)收(shou)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)傷害，干帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧是(shi)(shi)造(zao)成(cheng)全(quan)介質自(zi)承(cheng)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)表面(mian)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)主(zhu)要。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)高熱，使外(wai)護套表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)升高，產生(sheng)樹(shu)枝化的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)痕(hen)，直到(dao)燒穿(chuan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)護套，最(zui)(zui)后造(zao)成(cheng)斷(duan)纜(lan)(lan)事(shi)故(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)鋁(lv)絲端部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)劣化，造(zao)成(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)，若全(quan)介質自(zi)承(cheng)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)懸掛(gua)點(dian)位置較(jiao)(jiao)為偏高，導致全(quan)介質自(zi)承(cheng)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)承(cheng)受的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場強大大超過設計水(shui)平，引(yin)起光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)表面(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。

4、電力系統通信光保養與維護

對于光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖復合地(di)線(xian)，首先要選擇合理的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖外(wai)(wai)護(hu)套(tao)。當(dang)前，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖外(wai)(wai)護(hu)套(tao)有鋁管(guan)(guan)(guan)，鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)和塑料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)三種管(guan)(guan)(guan)材(cai)。其中塑料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)造價低，塑料(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)纖維復合地(di)線(xian)最(zui)高承受短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)流引起(qi)的(de)短(duan)時溫升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不能(neng)超過180工，而(er)鋁管(guan)(guan)(guan)造價相對較(jiao)低，承受短(duan)時溫升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)能(neng)力不超過300度(du)(du)，不銹鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)造價高，承受短(duan)時溫升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)能(neng)力可(ke)達到450度(du)(du)，用(yong)(yong)戶可(ke)根(gen)據工程具體情(qing)況，合理選擇光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖外(wai)(wai)護(hu)套(tao)，已(yi)達到保護(hu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。于全介質自承式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，首先要選擇電(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度(du)(du)小于25KV的(de)地(di)方作為(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)掛(gua)點，避免發(fa)生導線(xian)鞭擊光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。其次，要根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度(du)(du)合理的(de)選擇光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)外(wai)(wai)護(hu)套(tao)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，當(dang)空間電(dian)(dian)勢小于12KV時，采用(yong)(yong)黑(hei)色高密度(du)(du)聚乙烯外(wai)(wai)護(hu)套(tao)，當(dang)空間電(dian)(dian)勢 12-25KV時，則可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)黑(hei)色高密度(du)(du)抗(kang)電(dian)(dian)痕外(wai)(wai)護(hu)套(tao)，在(zai)污染較(jiao)為(wei)嚴重的(de)地(di)區，應對光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)進行特殊處理，減少表面污層形成。

編輯:劉利妹