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五金電線電纜銅包鋁電纜的特性及應用

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 對于機(ji)電(dian)(dian)安裝(zhuang)行業，電(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)在(zai)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)安裝(zhuang)工程(cheng)中占據了重要(yao)的地(di)位，作(zuo)為其主要(yao)原材(cai)料的銅(tong)，占了電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品(pin)總成本的70%~80%，銅(tong)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的價格(ge)隨著銅(tong)價的上漲而急劇增長(chang)，對投資方(fang)和(he)施工方(fang)在(zai)工程(cheng)造價控制方(fang)面帶來極大(da)的困難，為此，銅(tong)包鋁(lv)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)研(yan)究和(he)應用迅(xun)速增長(chang)。
　　
　　銅包鋁線纜是(shi)指以鋁芯(xin)線代替銅(tong)成為線(xian)纜(lan)主體，外面包一定比例(li)的(de)(de)銅(tong)層的(de)(de)電線(xian)電纜(lan)。銅(tong)包鋁(lv)電纜(lan)就其用途來分，基本可分為兩類(lei)：一類(lei)是信(xin)號或通訊用途的(de)(de)銅(tong)包鋁(lv)電纜(lan)，另一類(lei)是供(gong)電用的(de)(de)銅(tong)包鋁(lv)電纜(lan)。就其特(te)性(xing)，將銅(tong)包鋁(lv)和純銅(tong)電纜(lan)進行以下的(de)(de)比較。
　　
　　一、銅(tong)包(bao)鋁通訊電纜
　　
　　機械(xie)(xie)特性(xing)(xing)。純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)強度(du)(du)、伸長率比(bi)(bi)(bi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)大(da)，也就是說純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)機械(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)方面(mian)比(bi)(bi)(bi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)(lv)好(hao)。從電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)設(she)計的(de)角度(du)(du)來看(kan)，純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)比(bi)(bi)(bi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)機械(xie)(xie)強度(du)(du)好(hao)的(de)優(you)點，在(zai)實際(ji)應用(yong)過程中(zhong)不一定需要。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)比(bi)(bi)(bi)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)輕(qing)很多，因此銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)(lv)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)在(zai)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)重量上(shang)比(bi)(bi)(bi)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)要輕(qing)，這(zhe)樣(yang)會給電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)運輸和電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)架設(she)施工(gong)帶來方便(bian)。另外銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)(lv)比(bi)(bi)(bi)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)軟一點，用(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)生產(chan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)在(zai)柔軟性(xing)(xing)方面(mian)比(bi)(bi)(bi)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)好(hao)一點。
　　
　　電(dian)(dian)氣性(xing)能(neng)。因(yin)為鋁(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)比(bi)銅(tong)(tong)差，使得銅(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻比(bi)純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)大(da)，這(zhe)(zhe)點(dian)有(you)無影響(xiang)主(zhu)要(yao)看電(dian)(dian)纜是否(fou)會(hui)被用來供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，如(ru)給放大(da)器(qi)提供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)源，如(ru)果被用來供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，銅(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)將會(hui)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)致額外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力消耗，電(dian)(dian)壓降低較多。當(dang)頻(pin)(pin)率超過5MHz時，此時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻衰(shuai)(shuai)減在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)兩種不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)下(xia)沒有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別。當(dang)然，這(zhe)(zhe)主(zhu)要(yao)是因(yin)為高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集膚效應，頻(pin)(pin)率越高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)就越接近導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)表面，在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面實(shi)際上(shang)純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)材料，當(dang)頻(pin)(pin)率高(gao)到(dao)一定(ding)時候(hou)，整個電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)鍍在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)材質里(li)面流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)了。在(zai)(zai)5MHz情況下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)(zai)近表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)0.025毫米(mi)厚度(du)中流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)，而銅(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)層(ceng)厚度(du)比(bi)此厚度(du)多約(yue)一倍。對于同(tong)軸電(dian)(dian)纜，因(yin)為傳(chuan)輸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信號是在(zai)(zai)5MHz以上(shang)，因(yin)此銅(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)和純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)傳(chuan)輸效果是相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際測試電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰(shuai)(shuai)減可(ke)(ke)以證明(ming)這(zhe)(zhe)一點(dian)。銅(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)較純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)軟，在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中容(rong)易進(jin)行矯直(zhi)處理，因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)可(ke)(ke)以說用銅(tong)(tong)包(bao)(bao)鋁(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)纜要(yao)比(bi)用純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)纜回波損耗指標好。
　　
　　經濟性。銅(tong)(tong)包鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)體(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)按重(zhong)(zhong)量出(chu)售的(de)，純銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)體(ti)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)按重(zhong)(zhong)量出(chu)售的(de)，銅(tong)(tong)包鋁(lv)(lv)導(dao)體(ti)的(de)價格(ge)要比相同(tong)(tong)重(zhong)(zhong)量的(de)純銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)體(ti)貴一(yi)些。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)(tong)樣重(zhong)(zhong)量的(de)銅(tong)(tong)包鋁(lv)(lv)要比純銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)體(ti)長(chang)(chang)度(du)長(chang)(chang)很多，而電纜是(shi)(shi)(shi)按長(chang)(chang)度(du)計算(suan)的(de)。相同(tong)(tong)重(zhong)(zhong)量，銅(tong)(tong)包鋁(lv)(lv)線(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)長(chang)(chang)度(du)的(de)2.5倍(bei)，價格(ge)僅僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)每(mei)噸(dun)多幾(ji)百元。綜(zong)合(he)下來，銅(tong)(tong)包鋁(lv)(lv)就很有優勢。由于銅(tong)(tong)包鋁(lv)(lv)電纜比較輕，電纜的(de)運輸成(cheng)本、安裝架設成(cheng)本都會有所降低，會給(gei)施(shi)工帶來一(yi)定(ding)的(de)方便性。
　　
　　二(er)、銅包鋁電力(li)電纜
　　
　　直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)鋁(lv)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)比純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線大，約為(wei)(wei)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)1.5倍，在(zai)陰值(zhi)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)鋁(lv)線重量(liang)約為(wei)(wei)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2。根據集膚(fu)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)計算，在(zai)5MHz以上高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)時，與(yu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)截(jie)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)比，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)相(xiang)等。在(zai)50Hz頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用中，其銅(tong)(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集膚(fu)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)和(he)鄰近(jin)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)150mm2以上就逐漸顯得突(tu)出(chu)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時由于科學技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)發展，產(chan)生(sheng)高(gao)(gao)次諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)能源會注入到供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中，在(zai)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)上產(chan)生(sheng)出(chu)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)次諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，致使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)形發生(sheng)畸變，增(zeng)加供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)損耗，使(shi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)發熱增(zeng)加；此外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜使(shi)諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)放大，在(zai)接(jie)頭處(chu)產(chan)生(sheng)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓而損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜頭。采用銅(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)鋁(lv)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)會起到降(jiang)低高(gao)(gao)次諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。在(zai)其他(ta)使(shi)用場合，通過(guo)采取提高(gao)(gao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)鋁(lv)單絲中銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)積和(he)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝措(cuo)施，使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)包(bao)鋁(lv)/銅(tong)(tong)(tong)復合導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)在(zai)現有同(tong)(tong)(tong)規格導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外徑尺寸上限內，滿足導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)要(yao)求(qiu)。
　　
　　接駁方式。采(cai)用(yong)銅包鋁導(dao)體(ti)可(ke)滿(man)足目(mu)前待續多年的電(dian)線電(dian)纜在產品選型(xing)、設計、使用(yong)、安裝等方面的習慣，還對電(dian)纜的接線端子(zi)緊壓、錫焊接有利(li)。
　　
　　降低(di)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻是電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)載流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量的(de)(de)主要(yao)依據，根據集膚(fu)效(xiao)應(ying)的(de)(de)原(yuan)理，單根導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線的(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)，其單位面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)通(tong)過的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)比(bi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)線的(de)(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)心單位面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)通(tong)過的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)要(yao)大，也就是說，大截面(mian)(mian)(mian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)心在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)相(xiang)成的(de)(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)內，圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)心比(bi)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)周(zhou)通(tong)過的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)要(yao)小，所(suo)以把圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)心導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)與(yu)(yu)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)周(zhou)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)用不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)金屬組成是最合(he)理、最經濟的(de)(de)。影響交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻指標(biao)除直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻、集膚(fu)效(xiao)應(ying)外(wai)，還(huan)有(you)鄰近(jin)效(xiao)應(ying)，與(yu)(yu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)相(xiang)比(bi)，采(cai)用銅(tong)復(fu)合(he)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)后(hou)，單根導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)內，鋁(lv)在(zai)(zai)園心，銅(tong)在(zai)(zai)外(wai)緣(yuan)；在(zai)(zai)絞合(he)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)內，內層是銅(tong)包鋁(lv)，外(wai)層是純銅(tong)，而鋁(lv)對集膚(fu)效(xiao)應(ying)和(he)鄰近(jin)效(xiao)應(ying)都(dou)沒有(you)銅(tong)敏(min)感(gan)，同(tong)(tong)時銅(tong)復(fu)合(he)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)會使導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)總截面(mian)(mian)(mian)增加一部份，因此(ci)也增加了(le)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)，改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)散(san)熱條件，增加了(le)散(san)熱面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)，而鋁(lv)的(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)熱系數與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)相(xiang)近(jin)，在(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)等的(de)(de)材料成本條件下(xia)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)指標(biao)要(yao)經濟得多(duo)。
　　
　　具有良好的耐(nai)腐蝕(shi)性：鋁(lv)比銅(tong)易腐蝕(shi)，但(dan)由于(yu)銅(tong)包鋁材(cai)料已(yi)經完(wan)全冶金化，鋁(lv)完(wan)全被銅(tong)(tong)所覆，不會被水、空(kong)氣接觸，完(wan)全達到與銅(tong)(tong)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。銅(tong)(tong)包鋁(lv)/銅(tong)(tong)復合導(dao)體還更(geng)用利于避免電纜在長期使用過程(cheng)中由于腐蝕(shi)、碰(peng)傷或因緊壓、錫(xi)焊接不好使導(dao)體與接線端(duan)子(zi)接觸不良、發熱引起銅(tong)(tong)層脫(tuo)落和銅(tong)(tong)鋁(lv)兩種(zhong)金屬(shu)之間(jian)形(xing)成電勢差，加速電化腐蝕(shi)，造成電纜端(duan)部(bu)(bu)燒(shao)毀的(de)(de)(de)隱患。對(dui)于鋁(lv)導(dao)體，特別是在沿海(hai)地區，大氣中鹽霧所含有的(de)(de)(de)氯離子(zi)會凝聚(ju)在鋁(lv)的(de)(de)(de)表面，易在表面的(de)(de)(de)雜(za)質和缺陷周圍引起局部(bu)(bu)腐蝕(shi)，形(xing)成孔洞、裂紋和微電池，加劇鋁(lv)導(dao)體的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)。
　　
　　成(cheng)本低重(zhong)(zhong)量輕(qing)。與相同技術指(zhi)標的銅(tong)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)相比，銅(tong)包(bao)鋁導體電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)可節(jie)(jie)約成(cheng)本40%以上(shang)，銅(tong)包(bao)鋁/銅(tong)復合(he)導體電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)可節(jie)(jie)約成(cheng)本20%以上(shang)。銅(tong)包(bao)鋁線(xian)(xian)的比重(zhong)(zhong)僅(jin)為(wei)純銅(tong)線(xian)(xian)的37%-40%。在線(xian)(xian)徑、重(zhong)(zhong)量相等的情況下，其長度(du)是純銅(tong)線(xian)(xian)的2.5倍。
　　
　　良(liang)好的(de)焊接性。銅包鋁線由(you)于其表(biao)面同心(xin)包覆(fu)了一層純銅，因此具有跟(gen)純銅線一樣的(de)可焊性，方便生(sheng)產。
　　
　　雖然銅(tong)包鋁電纜已經誕生(sheng)，并(bing)正逐步得到(dao)應用(yong)，但尚(shang)有(you)不小阻力，主(zhu)要表現為(wei)銅(tong)包鋁電纜尚(shang)比較難找到(dao)國家、行業的應用(yong)依據，難以得到(dao)設計單位的認可。銅(tong)包鋁電纜尚(shang)有(you)相(xiang)當多的產(chan)品(pin)(pin)還沒有(you)3C認證，行業尚(shang)停留在產(chan)品(pin)(pin)鑒定(ding)，制定(ding)企業標準的階段，不同品(pin)(pin)牌之(zhi)間的產(chan)品(pin)(pin)規格、特性、使用(yong)標準差異(yi)較大(da)，工(gong)程設計者(zhe)應用(yong)時難以把握，投資方暫時也不樂(le)意接受。
　　
　　但是，隨著國家的標準和法規的逐步完善和認可，銅包鋁電纜必將走向規范化，無疑將成為了未來幾年電線電纜的亮點，帶動整個行業的發展。
                                                                                                                       東莞市金鱗羽電線電纜有限公司

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